November 17, 2013

Districts of Gujarat


Gujarat

Capital: Gandhinagar Population (2011) : 60,383,628

Largest city: Ahmedabad Literacy : 80.18 %

Districts : 33 total Official languages : Gujarati

Area : 196,024 sq km (75,685 sq mi) Website : gujaratindia.com

Coordinates (Gandhinagar): 23°13′N 72°41′E Time zone : IST (UTC+05:30)



Districts of Gujarat



Gujarat Districts

*  Newly established on August 15, 2013

November 10, 2013

HOW A BILL BECOMES A LAW

HOW A BILL BECOMES A LAW

It is essential to know the process through which a bill has to pass before it becomes a law in Union Parliament. Bills are of two types :
(a)      Ordinary Bills, and (b) Money Bills.

(A) Passing of Ordinary Bills
Ordinary Bills consist of those bills in which money is not involved in any way. The decision whether a bill is a Money Bill or otherwise rests entirely with the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. A bill has to pass through the following stages before it becomes an Act :

(1)      Introduction : With a prior notice of at least 30 days in case of a private member's Bill but without any notice in case of a Government Bill, the person seeks to introduce the bill is called upon by the Speaker of the House to explain the aims and objectives of the bill and to ask for the leave of the House to introduce it. It should be remembered here that an Ordinary Bill can be initiated in either of the two Houses of Parliament. After the initiator has spoken, a discussion follows. Then the request for introduction of the bill is put to vote. It is more than often that a private member’s bill is rejected because of opposition from the Government. If the House votes in favour of the bill, the initiator formally introduces it.

(2)      Select Committee Stage : Like the Select Committee of the British Parliament, our Parliament has also a provision for the bills to be considered by a Select Committee before it could be considered by the House for passage. But unlike the British convention, only a few very important bill go to the Committee stage. Most of the bills are directly taken up by the House. The bills that go to the Committee are reported back to the House on a prescribed date by the Chairman of the Committee.


How a Bill Becomes a Law



(3) Second Reading : This is the stage when the bill is debated clause by clause, amendments to it are proposed and included, and each clause is passed by a majority vote.

(4) Third Reading : The third reading of the bill is just a formality. Members can speak for or against the bill as a whole. Discussion on various clauses of the bill cannot be reopened. The bill is then passed or rejected as a whole by a majority vote of the House and it receives the signatures of the Chairman of the House to the effect. Thereafter. It is sent to the other House.

The bill goes through all the aforesaid stages in the Second Chamber. If the bill is passed, as it was, in the Second House also, it is forwarded with the signatures of the Chairman to the President for his assent.


(5) The President’s Assent : A bill passed by both the Houses of the Parliament is then sent to the President. A bill, so received by the Parliament, can receive the following treatment at his hands :

(a) He may give his assent. Thus, the bill becomes a law.
(b) He may reject it outright and send it back to the Parliament. In such a case, if the Parliament passes the bill, as it was, for the second time, the President cannot withhold his consent. It becomes a law with his signatures.
(c) He may propose certain changes, additions or deletions to the bill and return it to the Parliament. But the Parliament is not bound to accept them. If it does, well and good. but if it does not accept the changes and passes the bill, as it was, once again, the President is obliged to sign it to make a law.

(B) Passing of Money Bills/Budget
Annual Budget of the country or that of a State and every bill that envisages levy of taxes and/or some expenditure by the Government is called a Money Bill. The decision of the Speaker. whether a particular bill is a Money Bill or an Ordinary Bill, is always taken as final.
The procedure adopted for the passage of the Money Bill is slightly different from that adopted for Ordinary Bills. The main point to be, remembered in this context is that a Monev Bill cannot be initiated in the Rajya Sabha. The following is the procedure for the passage of a Money Bill :

(1) Prior Presidential Approval : A Money Bill can be introduced only when it has been accorded the approval by the President. Constitutionally speaking, it is the President himself who gets a Money Bill introduced through the government.

(2) Introduction : A Money Bill is generally introduced in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister. He makes a Policy Statement regarding finance on that occasion. The Opposition is also free to speak on these matters.

(3) Second Reading : As in the case of Ordinary Bills, an itemwise discussion on the bill takes place. Amendments are proposed and voted in respect of each item. In this way, the whole of the bill is cleared.

(4) Third Reading : The Third Reading is only a formality. Members can recommend or criticize the policy matters and provisions of the bill, as a whole. A majority vote decides the passage or rejection of the bill. Here we should remember that rejection of a Money Bill amounts to no-confidence in the Government. Hence, its passage is always a foregone conclusion.

(5) Money Bill in the Rajya Sabha : After its clearance in the Lok Sabha, a Money Bill is sent to the Rajya Sabha which is allowed 14 days.
During this period, the Rajya Sabha :
(a)      may pass it,
(b)      may reject it,
(c)      may propose certain amendments to it and return it to the Lok Sabha.
(d)      may just sit over it.

If amendments are proposed, the Lok Sabha reviews them. But it is not binding on it to accept them. In case of a difference, there is no provision for a joint session. The opinion of the Lok Sabha prevails in such a situation. After the lapse of four days, the bill is deemed to be passed and sent for the President’s assent. The assent of the President is never withheld as a Money Bill has prior approval of the President.


November 3, 2013

Road Distance of Major Indian Cities

Road Distance of Major Indian Cities ( km)


Road Distance of Major Indian Cities (kilometer)
AhmedabadBangaloreBhubaneswarMumbaiKolkataChandigarhCochinDelhiHyderabadIndore
Agartala3305382422863593186329984304270833302891
Agra878184815781202130044822782001246591
Ahmedabad-149016975522068115718459111436442
Allahabad125116861090145781791222166501084803
Amritsar13562496222418491919239316344518921258
Assansol18422187523204022615032544126216931394
Bangalore1490-153810131961229651220495631601
Baroda1191408160443319371181176311511127379
Bhopal5231148116277814959881995742808191
Bhubaneshwar16471538-167942320261895171310441355
Mumbai55210131678-2012164513681404729589
Kolkata206814614232012-17212318147414671620
Calicut1648 520192311712346274122224949101998
Chandigarh11572296202616451721-196524816931052
Cochin18455121895136823181965-271810901804
Coimbatore1669333163311922057266919524129121964
Delhi91120491713140414742482718-1447806
Gwalior919173414861085122446218813151132497
Hubli110139116206142032210177418544891060
Hyderabad143656310447291467169310901447-999
 Imphal3240367721393446171728514156256132832744
Indore44216011355589162010521804806999-
Jabalpur901133510871143116710461885800733589
Jaipur648200517581148153050727452631404405
Jamshedpur12251690422191626816022710135615781477
Jalandar12852416241317781869154308237518211171
Kanpur1168185512831278101066123854811253689
Kolhapur9114841622426204519109341664578870
Luknow1247193412541366108974025724991332768
Ludhiana12202358208817701783105302731017561115
Chennai1821331120713441630248968722436691795
Madurai1922432168714582110278532625399952091
Meerut109220721822146814973812741661470815
Nagpur9651078830849116312171608971476445
Nasik504103615161971849146613901220754414
Panjim11654401455584974202879817827651115
Patna16562071862185662113322601108614891205
Pondicherry1818328137514521798265753024118671963
Pune66482615871842058166311811417545623
Ranchi17812098560181641414802455121414341333
Shillong2839324216403011128124163599212613092309
Shimla1256239521271753183999305936518121171
Surat263126415793011912132515931182983607
Trivandrum21976961953137623763051218195012612156
Varanasi137317919681597695103223317451189925
Vijayawada170563777597311981959117417162691255
Visakhapatnam1815109344517548682127144918815991433



Road Distance of Major Indian Cities (kilometer)
JaipurKanpurLucknowChennaiNagpurNasikPanjimPatnaPondicherryPune
Agartala2801228122523493269633653507168136613442
Agra23029036920487701005171588522101214
Ahmedabad648116812471821965504116516561818664
Allahabad71319323420116081155141940210771364
Amritsar7069269392688141616652237153128561862
Assansol1304789825185711221746230039520241955
Bangalore200518551934331107810354402071328826
Baroda789123013111739774457115815821735545
Bhopal5965856641604352605114310161772814
Bhubaneshwar17581283125412078301516145586213751587
Mumbai114812781366134484919758418561452184
Kolkata15301010108911601163184997462117982058
Calicut252322602339715148311935762476566984
Chandigarh5076617402489121714662028133226571663
Cochin2745238525726871608139075826015301181
Coimbatore2369221822974261441121480024344101005
Delhi263481499224397112201782108624111417
Gwalior3512803591928656891146780920961100
Hubli1060177218516839956461901998653437
Hyderabad1404125313326994767547651469865545
 Imphal2654213421053326254932183560153436143295
Indore4056897681795445414111512051963623
Jabalpur8455435841529257943108873616971003
Jaipur-517598220092812482496111523681371
Jamshedpur13878671121162911021788222947317971997
Jalandar8918558682617135415912146146027851791
Kanpur517-7920497771103181359622171312
Kolhapur15181779185891010504562542047907247
Luknow59879-212885611821883566
Ludhiana5707908032552128015282091139527201726
Chennai220020492128-1272136690920961681157
Madurai2496234524244801568146787225613331238
Meerut32753745322669941242180593424341440
Nagpur9287778561272-70012479931440909
Nasik1246110311821366700-70116791363209
Panjim2496181318839091247701-1804739501
Patna1115595566209699316791804-22641738
Pondicherry236822172296168144013637392264-1154
Pune137113121391115790920950117381154-
Ranchi124372391217679581615163030219351675
Shillong2229169916702911211428002925101930792860
Shimla6368466592588133615672130143427591782
Surat93212961375169574926291317421789412
Trivandrum2782261126907481834174279228276221533
Varanasi83531528619857131399152428021531459
Vijayawada16601519159843274214288761664598842
Visakhapatnam1838168717657629101596120613349301658